(b) Conservatism
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
The textbook explicitly states: "Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism." This is a direct-fact MCQ — quote the exact term from the source. Do not confuse with Liberalism (which conservatives opposed) or Romanticism (a cultural movement).