Social Science (087) — CBSE Class 10 board question

Technological and Institutional Reforms taken by the Government in the interest of farmers:

1. Institutional Reforms: After Independence, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation, and abolition of zamindari were given priority. Land reform was the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.

1. Green Revolution and White Revolution: In the 1960s–70s, the Green Revolution (package technology) and White Revolution (Operation Flood) were introduced to improve agricultural production.

1. Land Development Programme: In the 1980s–90s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated including both institutional and technical reforms.

1. Financial Support: Grameen banks, cooperative societies, crop insurance against drought/flood/cyclone, Kisan Credit Card (KCC), and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) were introduced.

1. Price Support: Government announces Minimum Support Price (MSP) and procurement prices to protect farmers from exploitation by middlemen.

1. Information Dissemination: Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes were introduced on radio and television.

Source: Chapter 4 — Agriculture, Technological and Institutional Reforms

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• Examiners expect 5–6 distinct points for a 5-mark answer — one point per mark roughly.
• Always mention specific scheme names: KCC, PAIS, MSP, Green Revolution, White Revolution — these fetch marks.
• Avoid writing in essay form; use numbered points for clarity and speed.
• Do not forget both "technological" (Green Revolution, weather bulletins) and "institutional" (zamindari abolition, land reform, cooperative banks) aspects — the question asks for both.