A middle-aged person is facing some cognitive changes in himself. His early symptoms included mild forgetfulness. For example, forgetting where he left his mobile or failing to find words to complete his sentences. He was facing problems in driving a car, climbing up and down the stairs, inserting a plug into an outlet. He slowly developed a sad mood and anxiety.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · 2026-06-15 06:48 · grounding stimulus
Model Answer
(a) Voluntary actions are actions that are consciously controlled by the individual, such as walking, writing, or picking up an object. These actions are under the control of the cerebrum.
(b) The cerebellum is responsible for the precision and coordination of voluntary actions. It ensures smooth, balanced, and accurate movements.
(c) (i) The person is showing symptoms related to the forebrain (cerebrum). The cerebrum controls memory, thinking, and reasoning, explaining forgetfulness and word-finding difficulty. The medulla oblongata (hindbrain) regulates involuntary actions. The problems with driving, climbing stairs, and inserting a plug suggest impaired cerebellum function, which controls precision of voluntary movements. Sad mood and anxiety indicate disruption in the cerebrum's emotional regulation areas.
Source: Control and Coordination, Nervous System – Human Brain
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Explanation
- (a) Just define voluntary actions in one line — mention conscious control.
- (b) Cerebellum is the key term; examiners want this specific part named.
- (c) Link each symptom to the correct brain part: memory/emotion → cerebrum; precision of movement → cerebellum. Use textbook terminology. If option (ii) was chosen instead, answer that; here option (i) is attempted as a model. Always connect the case study details to your answer — examiners reward application.