The correct option is (D) invented.
The sentence describes a historical fact about Richard Willstatter (born 1872), so the simple past tense "invented" is required.
When a sentence refers to a completed action in the past (indicated by "Born in 1872"), the simple past tense must be used. "Invent" is present tense, "has invented" is present perfect, and "will invent" is future — all incorrect here.