Q1. [1] medium exam-ready
Assertion (A): Pipeline transport has high initial installation costs but very low subsequent running costs.
Reason (R): Once built, pipelines eliminate the need for repeated loading and unloading, reducing trans-shipment losses and delays.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
- a Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
- b Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
- c A is true but R is false.
- d A is false but R is true.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · 2026-06-26 13:33 · grounding rag
Model Answer
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
The textbook states: "Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays." Both statements are factually correct, but the low running cost is due to minimal energy and labour required to operate pipelines continuously — not because trans-shipment losses are eliminated. R describes a separate advantage, not the reason for low running costs.
(Answer: b)
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Explanation
- The textbook directly supports A: pipelines have high initial cost but minimal running costs.
- The textbook also supports R: pipelines eliminate trans-shipment losses/delays.
- However, R does not explain A — low running cost and no trans-shipment loss are two distinct advantages of pipelines. R is a benefit related to efficiency/safety, not to why operational costs are low.
- Examiners look for this logical link between A and R; both being true does not automatically make R the explanation of A.