Social Science (087) — AI-generated practice question

Chipko Movement originated as a grassroots community protest in the Himalayas, where local people physically resisted deforestation. It had no formal government structure — communities acted independently, sometimes rejecting government involvement. It revealed communities as autonomous protectors of forests.

Joint Forest Management (JFM) began formally in 1988 (Odisha's first resolution). It is a government-initiated programme where village institutions work with the Forest Department to restore degraded forests. Communities receive non-timber produce and a share of timber as incentives.

Together, they show a shift from conflict/independence (Chipko) to collaborative governance (JFM), though communities are still not fully at the centre of decision-making.

Source: Community and Conservation, Chapter 2

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• Examiners expect a clear contrast on three points: origin, structure, and community role.
• Chipko = bottom-up, independent; JFM = top-down, cooperative — state this explicitly.
• Mention 1988/Odisha for JFM to show factual accuracy (easy mark).
• The final line on the relationship between communities and government ties both parts of the question together — don't skip it.
• Do not write more than ~80 words; this is a 3-mark answer.