AI-generated practice question — model-generated for extra practice, not a previous-year CBSE board question.
(D) 1991
The JFM programme has been in formal existence since 1988, when Odisha passed the first resolution — so the correct answer is (C) 1988.
The source passage (Community and Conservation, Chapter 2) clearly states: "The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest management." Option (D) 1991 is a distractor (that year relates to plants being added to the protected species list). Students must read carefully — 1972 is the Wildlife Protection Act, 1973 is Project Tiger, and 1988 is JFM.