AI-generated practice question — model-generated for extra practice, not a previous-year CBSE board question.
1. Anti-defection Law:
Challenge addressed: It targets the problem of elected representatives switching parties for personal gain (money/power), which destabilises governments and betrays voters' mandate.
Limitation: It has actually weakened internal democracy — legislators cannot vote against party leadership even on genuine conscience issues, making them fully subordinate to top leaders.
2. Mandatory filing of affidavits by candidates:
Challenge addressed: It tackles the growing role of money and muscle power by making candidates declare their criminal records and assets, giving voters information to make informed choices.
Limitation: Mere disclosure does not disqualify candidates with criminal backgrounds; voters may still elect them, so the problem of muscle power continues.
3. Election Commission's directive on internal organisational elections:
Challenge addressed: It targets lack of internal democracy within parties — parties often do not hold regular organisational elections, concentrating power in one or a few leaders.
Limitation: Political parties resist genuinely implementing these elections; even when held formally, they remain controlled by top leaders, so real power remains concentrated at the top.
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The textbook (Chapter 4, "Challenges to political parties") identifies four key challenges: lack of internal democracy, dynastic succession, money/muscle power, and lack of meaningful ideological choice. The three measures in this question map onto the first and third challenges primarily. Examiners expect you to name the specific challenge, link the measure to it logically, and give a realistic limitation — not just repeat the measure. Keep each point crisp; one sentence per part is enough at this level.