AI-generated practice question — model-generated for extra practice, not a previous-year CBSE board question.
The correct answer is (C) Excessive membership registrations.
The four main challenges are: lack of internal democracy, dynastic succession, growing role of money and muscle power, and lack of meaningful choice to voters.
The textbook clearly lists the four challenges to political parties (Ch. 4). "Proportional representation" and "excessive membership registrations" are not among them. The question's option (C) in the main options was "Proportional representation in Parliament," but from the answer choices given, Excessive membership registrations is the one NOT listed as a challenge — in fact, the textbook notes parties don't maintain membership registers properly, making this a distractor.