Social Science (087) — AI-generated practice question

In a 'holding together' federation, the central government is more powerful than the states, as power is devolved from the centre outward. Giving the Union Government power over residuary subjects (topics not in any list) is consistent with this, as it ensures central authority over new or unanticipated matters, keeping the country united.

In contrast, 'coming together' federations (like the USA, Switzerland, Australia) are formed by independent states voluntarily pooling sovereignty. Here, constituent units are generally strong and equal vis-à-vis the federal government, and residual powers typically rest with the states, not the centre.

Thus, India's residuary power with the Union reinforces the centralising tendency characteristic of 'holding together' federations.

Source: Chapter 2, "What is federalism?" and "What makes India a federal country?"

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• Examiners expect you to define both types of federations briefly and link the residuary power feature specifically to the 'holding together' logic.
• Key contrast: in 'coming together' federations, states are strong and residual powers stay with states; in 'holding together' federations, the centre is stronger.
• Avoid writing a general essay on federalism — stay focused on the specific feature asked (residuary subjects) and the contrast between the two routes.