Social Science (087) — AI-generated practice question

Key Structural Difference:
In a unitary system, sub-units are subordinate to the central government — it can pass orders to them and even withdraw their powers. In a 'holding together' federation, power is constitutionally divided between the Centre and states; neither can unilaterally change this arrangement.

Importance for India:
India is a 'holding together' federation where states have constitutionally guaranteed jurisdiction over subjects in the State List (e.g., police, agriculture). This protects regional/linguistic groups because:

• Linguistic states were created so people speaking the same language could have their own government.
• States have their own official languages for administration.
• Northeastern states like Nagaland and Mizoram enjoy special constitutional powers (Article 371) to protect indigenous land rights and culture.

These protections cannot be removed by the Centre alone, unlike in a unitary system.

Source: Federalism, Chapter 2 — "What is federalism?" and "How is federalism practised?"

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Examiners look for: (1) a clear contrast between unitary and 'holding together' federation, (2) at least one specific Indian example (linguistic states, State List, or Article 371 special powers). The phrase "constitutionally guaranteed" is key — it is what makes the difference meaningful. Don't write a general essay on federalism; keep the answer focused on why the structure matters for regional/linguistic groups.