AI-generated practice question — model-generated for extra practice, not a previous-year CBSE board question.
Horizontal distribution captures that the legislature, executive, and judiciary operate at the same level — none is above the other. Each can check the others (e.g., in India, courts can review executive actions), ensuring no single organ holds unlimited power.
Vertical distribution captures a hierarchy of levels — higher and lower — where power flows downward from Centre to States to local bodies (e.g., Union Government → State Governments → Panchayats/Municipalities in India).
The key contrast examiners look for: "horizontal = same level, checks and balances" vs. "vertical = different levels, hierarchy." Always support each with an India-specific example. Avoid padding — one crisp example per arrangement is enough for 2 marks.